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雷迪尊者的安那般那手册(一)

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发表于 2014-6-2 02:47 AM | 显示全部楼层 |阅读模式








安那般那手册








Anāpāna Dīpani








雷迪尊者著





英译:U Sein Nyo Tun





(Late of the Indian Civil Service)









编辑和序言:S.S. Davidson








英译汉:miaohuang








中文版:2012-1-1








Buddhist Publication Society





Kandy • Sri Lanka









The Wheel Publication No. 431/432








出版于 1999








Copyright © 1999 佛教出版协会








ISBN 955–24–0194–1








初始版是由U Sein Nyo Tun译成,某些方面经过修改增强可读性后形成本版。(注,BPS的文字)








BPS 网络版 © (2011)








作品翻译来源: BPS 翻译项目








免费发行。本作品允许任何媒体形式的再版、重排、重印、印发。然而,任何此类再版与分发须以对公众免费与无限制的形式进行,翻译及其他衍生作品也要清楚标明本声明。





目录








目录








编者序言








中译前言








安那般那手册








I. 请求和应许








II. 劝修,争取心成就








III. 因为不稳定的心,过去世在轮回中漂流








IV. 身念先于止和观








V. 为什么应该修习安那般那念








VI. 安那般那念导向涅盘








VII. 禅修的姿势








VIII. 第一组四法








IX. 义注的方法








X. 协调义注和经文








XI. 第二组四法








XII. 第三组四法








XIII. 第四组四法








XIV. 如何圆满四念处








XV. 如何圆满七觉支








XVI. 如何圆满明和解脱








XVII. 如何推进到内观








结语








简短传记








附录—雷迪西亚多的作品








注解





编者序言








The Venerable Ledi


Araññavihāravāsī Mahāthera of Monywa, better known as the Venerable Ledi


Sayādaw, Aggamahāpa??ita, D. Litt., is described in the short biography


reproduced at the end of this work as “perhaps the outstanding Buddhist figure


of this age.”









The essential meaning is that if one is established in


mindfulness of the body, one can successfully undertake the work of


tranquillity and insight, because one has firm control over one’s mind and thus


it is certain that in this very life one cannot miss Nibbāna. If, however, like


the madman, one has no control over one’s mind because one continues to live


apart from the work of mindfulness of the body, one is unable to approach the


work of tranquillity and insight, and hence will miss Nibbāna.









There are many degrees


of control over one’s mind. In this world, ordinary persons who are not insane


have sufficient control over their minds to perform their various day to day


tasks, to fulfil both their individual and social responsibilities. This is


one kind of control.









“Making the mind


extremely delighted” (abhippamodaya? citta?) means that when the


perception of the mind is extremely clear, one makes the mind extremely


delighted by repeatedly entering the first and second jhānas (which are


associated with rapture, pīti).









Of this there can be


little doubt, and this is the very reason why every attempt should be made to


make known to Western readers—and in particular English-speaking readers—as


many as possible of the numerous works originally written by him either in Pāli


or Burmese. These works are clear and precise expositions of Buddhism, suited


to people of wide and differing abilities and understanding, and are invaluable


aids for the study and practice of Dhamma in all its aspects.









Of works already


translated into English every credit must be given to the Pali Text Society,


England, for publishing as early as 1913–14, in their Journal for those years,


a translation of selected passages of Yamaka Pucchā Vissajjanā—“Some


Points in Buddhist Doctrine”—and again in their Journal for 1915–16 a translation, by U Shwe Zan Aung, B.A.,


of the Pa??hānuddesa Dīpanī or “Philosophy of Relations.”









But it is to Burma


that so much is owed for continuing with the translation into English and


publication of the works of this Sayādaw, through the medium of the periodical The


Light of the Dhamma, which was printed by the Union Buddha Sāsana Council


Press. The Inaugural Number of this periodical first appeared in 1952 but,


unfortunately, publication ceased about eleven years later in 1963, though the


publication was revived about 1979.









During these first


eleven years some seven major works or Dīpanīs, translated by various


hands, had been published, in serial form, in The Light of the Dhamma,


and all these works continue to be available, both separately and combined


together in one volume, The Manuals of Buddhism, published by the


Department of Religious Affairs, Rangoon. Regrettably this book, as well as


other Buddhist publications, are often extremely difficult to obtain outside Burma


and sometimes can be found only in public, university, or Buddhist libraries.









Although in the short


biography reproduced hereafter a figure of more than seventy works is shown to


have been written by the Venerable Sayādaw, when shorter articles not already


recorded and many relevant letters, etc., are included, the final figure may


well exceed a hundred, as further research continues and an attempt is made to


compile a comprehensive list. In addition, two separate biographies which have


been written about Ledi Sayādaw still await a competent translator into English


and a donor to sponsor publication.









The reputation of Ledi


Sayādaw still lives on in Burma


and in the Buddhist world. He was a bhikkhu of great learning and a prolific


writer with a unique style of exposition, and although there are some


traditionalists who do not support or agree with some points in his


interpretations, there are others who find them of great interest. He was also


an austere bhikkhu, yet a very human one, who would often write a whole


treatise or a long letter in reply to a question asked by one of his supporters


or enquirers.









Apart from accepting


many bhikkhu-students from various parts of Burma in order to impart Buddhist


education to them, Ledi Sayādaw also toured many regions of the country for the


purpose of propagating the Buddha Dhamma. He often delivered discourses on the


Dhamma, established Abhidhamma classes and meditation centres, and composed Abhidhamma


verses or Abhidhamma summaries, which he taught to his Abhidhamma classes.









In the year 1910, while


residing at Masoyain Monastery in Mandalay, the Venerable Ledi Sayādaw—together


with the Abhidhaja Mahāra??haguru, Masoyain Sayādaw of Mandalay (President


of the Sixth Great Buddhist Council), the Venerable Sayādaw U Nyā?a (who also


translated into English Ledi Sayādaw’s Pa??hānuddesa Dīpanī (or Paccayuddesa


Dīpanī)—“The Concise Exposition of the Pa??hāna Relations,” but published


under the title The Buddhist Philosophy of Relations), and U Shwe Zan


Aung B.A.—founded the Burma Buddhist Foreign Mission. This project was carried


on by the Masoyain Sayādaw of Mandalay


until the death of his English-educated colleague in this undertaking, the


Sayādaw U Nyā?a, some thirteen years after the death of the Venerable Ledi


Sayādaw in 1923.









There are still


monasteries in Burma where


his teachings and expositions are preserved and continue to be studied, such as


the Kyaikkasan Ledi Meditation Centre in Rangoon,


as well as the one established by Ledi Sayādaw himself near Monywa under the


name Leditawya Monastery.









It is well known that


at Mandalay in Burma in 1856 King Mindon (1852–77)


conceived the meritorious idea of having the Pāli Tipi?aka carved on marble


slabs in order to ensure the preservation of the Teaching. The work took from


1860 to 1868 and involved 729 slabs. In 1871 King Mindon convened the Fifth


Buddhist Council. Outside Burma,


however, it is not so well known that a similar mark of respect for the works


of the Venerable Ledi Sayādaw was made by his supporters at Monywa in Upper Burma after his death. This recognition and


treatment of a Buddhist monk’s works must be unique and gives some indication


of the immense importance attached to them.









In view of the importance


of Ledi Sayādaw’s works and the difficulty of obtaining them in the West, every


effort must be made to collect as many of them as possible, either in Pāli,


Burmese, or translation, and make them accessible to the West by adding them,


by way of presentation, to the large number of his works already held by the


British Library in London, where they would continue to be available to


bhikkhus, scholars, students, and other readers.









In undertaking the


printing of the ?nāpāna Dīpanī, however, a small effort is being made to make this


essential exposition available to interested students and readers in both the


East and the West. This is done with the earnest wish that others will be


encouraged thereby to help make the works of the Venerable Ledi Sayādaw known


to a wider audience.









The Venerable Ledi


Sayādaw wrote the ?nāpāna Dīpanī in Burmese, but the retention or use of Pāli words in


translations has always been considered essential; for, in case any doubt might


arise as to the translator’s rendering, the quoting of the Pāli ensures that a


clear and definite meaning, which may vary in accordance with the context in


which they are used, is most often to be found in the original Pāli and its


Commentaries. In addition to the invaluable aid it provides for students and


other interested readers, as a means of reference for study purposes the


inclusion of Pāli also adds to the translation the savour of the language of


the Buddha himself, as found in the Pāli Canon, together with the voice of


elucidation of its commentators.









S.S. Davidson





Southsea, 1996






中译前言








本资料是依据BPS的2011修订版翻译而来。后期参照aimwell的修订版进行修正。在后期修正中,发现aimwell版本中有些段落是BPS版本中所没有的,这些段落并非可有可无,估计是各种原因导致BPS版本遗失了这些段落。所以本人把这些段落也添加到了本书中。另外,原BPS版的经文和译文的顺序是:英译、巴利经文。本人依照习惯,调整为巴利经文、中译。还有,很多资料都把巴利文的“入息、出息”两词译反了,本书也一样,所以本人把它改了过来。BPS和aimwell关于本资料的相关网页分别是:

















http://www.bps.lk/olib/wh/wh431-u.html

















http://www.aimwell.org/Books/Ledi/Anapanasati/anapanasati.html

















另外,巴利经文的中译,是基于元亨寺和清净道论的文字修改而成。

















中译有两个版本:中英对照版和中文版。中文版是由中英对照版去除了英文部分,以及对一般读者意义不大的巴利词汇而成,显得干净美观一点。最新的修改总是首先体现在中英对照版上,然后一段时间后才制做出新的中文版。所以,中文版的更新要稍稍滞后于中英对照版。同时中英对照版包含更多的背景信息,比如aimwell修订版哪里出错了,还有译者在翻译上有什么疑难等。

















本文件随时会更新,修正错误。最新的文件请从下面地址获取。如果发现任何错误,也请提交到该网址:








http://palicn.5d6d.com


























安那般那念参考资料:








《清净道论》2009修订版 P267 “安般念”节。(权威)








《修学入门》玛欣德尊者,业处篇。(通俗)








《正念之道》帕奥禅师,“安般入门”节、“身念处


甲、安般念”节









《如实之见》帕奥禅师,第一讲








《智慧之光》帕奥禅师,第三、四章








《止观法要》玛欣德尊者,P55起








《安那般那念--本雅难陀法师主讲》








《念住呼吸》阿迦李达摩达罗尊者








《入出息念修法管窥》德雄尊者


整理









《观呼吸-平静的第一堂课》德宝法师

















其他参考资料下载:








《摄阿毗达摩义论》








http://www.dhamma.net.cn/index7-abhidhamma.html








《阿毗达摩概要精解》








http://www.dhamma.net.cn/index7-abhidhamma.html








《摄阿毗达摩义论-表解》http://www.dhamma.net.cn/index7-abhidhamma.html








《清净道论》2009修订版








http://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/f/13355843.html








《清净智论》








http://ishare.iask.sina.com.cn/f/16089371.html

















个人的南传佛教资料下载点








http://iask.sina.com.cn/u/1926212374/ish

















视频《内观方法入门》








http://www.tudou.com/playlist/p/l13001943i96912274.html

















内观禅修开示豆单(音视频)








http://www.tudou.com/home/_82624103/




















Anāpāna Dīpanī








安那般那手册








Namo Tassa


Bhagavato Arahato Sammāsambuddhassa









礼敬世尊阿罗汉正等正觉者








I. 请求和应许








在Lekaing Myosa Wunshindaw Kinwun Mingyi的再三请求下,我于1265 B.E. 塔巴翁月亏日(1904年3月11日)来到曼德勒城,逗留期间在Kinwun Mingyi的住所前,为比库和在家人做了三个白天和三个晚上的开示。








虽然如此忙碌,Kinwun Mingyi的儿子—勃生城的myo-ok,还有Maung Khin—曼德勒城的副税务长办公室的首席办事员,请求我为了他们的利益,写一本关于修习安那般那念的手册,作为他们终身的指导。依照这个请求,我,蒙育瓦雷迪森林寺院的主持西亚多,现在简要解释中部后五十经中的《安那般那念经》(MN No. 118)。








II. 劝修,争取心成就








Ti??a? aññatara? yāma?,





Pa?ijaggeyya pa??ito.(Dhammapada, 157)









有智者应该至少在人生三个阶段中的一个,通过努力达到心成就,从而清净自己。(法句经,157)








依据以上法句经中的警语,有能力清楚看到因果关系的有智具善者,应当在人生的第一阶段就断绝和放弃所达到的财富成就(bhoga-sampatti),去努力取得心成就(bhava-sampatti)。如果不具备在人生第一阶段就努力的可能性,应当在人生第二阶段努力。如果不具备在人生第二阶段努力的可能性,一旦进入人生的第三阶段就应当马上努力。实质要点是,如果某人在人生所有三个阶段都沉迷于财富成就中,他就无法完全利用今生的有利时机,去赢得多方面更高的利益。因为今生就像一棵巨大的“许愿树”,可以在今生达成很多向往的事情。








今天的生命是高度不确定的,生命可能很快和意外地死亡和消失掉,所以应当把50或55岁作为追求财富成就的最后期限。此后就应该断绝和放弃财富成就,去努力获得心成就,这样他才能利用到今生遭遇佛法的有利条件。因为佛法很难遇到。








有很多种获得心成就的方式。第一种方式是郡主Temi和郡主Hatthipāla,他们在人生第一阶段,在还年轻时就放弃了王权和王宫的欲乐和享受,住在森林里修道。还有一种方式,从Maghadeva到Nemi多达84,000位郡主采取这种方式,他们在人生第一和第二阶段统治他们的王国并享受皇室的欲乐和享受,但是他们在人生第三阶段让位给长子,然后隐居在王室花园中修习四梵住,直到达到禅那,并继续独居,享受着这些成就的快乐直到死亡。








还有一种方式,是太古之王—大善见王(注1)采用的,他甚至没有离开王室宫殿去住到王室花园,而是继续居住在称为“佛法宫殿”的宏伟金色宫殿中。这个宫殿是忉利天的帝釈天王使用贵重宝石为他装饰的。大善见王继续独居在那个富丽堂皇的住所中,修习四梵住,直到获得禅那。(译注1,世尊的前身,死后生于梵天。)








还有一种是答咖西喇城的郡主的方式。王舍城的郡主赠送写有安那般那念禅修方法的镀金棕榈叶给答咖西喇城的郡主。答咖西喇城的郡主阅读后,继续独居在他七层宫殿的最高层修习安那般那念,直到达到第四禅。








当代有智佛教徒应当效仿这些有着美好未来的卓著名流,挑选和采用任何一种达成心成就的禅修业处。虽然在人生第一阶段可能追求和生活于财富成就的欲乐和享受,但是应当及时断绝和放弃对财富成就的兴趣和关注以及所有相关活动。应当断绝、放弃不圣洁的行为,不再交往不良朋友和伙伴,因为这些习惯会障碍定力的培育。只是保持接触提供食物的人,应当勤奋于导向心成就的禅修。








III. 因为不稳定的心,过去世在轮回中漂流








今生再生为人并遇到佛法,这是很难得的机会,必须珍惜这个机会,修习心成就。对于普通在家人,修习心成就意味着让自己稳固确立于守持活命第八戒[1],和勤奋修习身念、止禅、观禅。








在修止和修观之前,禅修者必须修习四念处中的身念处。我现在用例子来解释,为什么在开始时修习念处是必要的。








在这个世界,无法控制自己的心的疯子,他没有能力从事利益自己或他人的工作。即使在进食时,他也常常会推翻餐盘,然后跑开,更不用谈专心于利益他人的工作了。但是当疯子得到合适的治疗后,他的心就变得健全而稳定,然后就有能力从事利益自己和他人的工作,就像其他正常人一样。








类似地,这个世上的普通正常人,虽然拥有普通健全的心,但在从事止禅和观禅的精细工作时,他们无法控制他的心,就像疯子一样。例如,在礼敬佛陀时,普通人的心无法保持稳定持续地专注于佛陀神圣和殊胜的特质。即使是诵读忆念佛陀的偈颂(iti pi so bhagavā …),他们的心也会走神,只要他的心走神,他们只能被迫重新从头诵读。他们从来未能成功完成诵读偈颂这项任务。他们只有把经句记忆住后,才有能力把经句从头到读到尾。同样的情况发生在任何一种禅修。通常认为是健全的普通人,在修定和修慧时就像疯子一样。








大家注意!无法控制自己的心的这些人,他们远远没有能力去成就道、果、和涅盘,甚至无法确定他们是否能再生到善趣地。








这个世界上,无法控制腿的人,就无法成功完成需要使用腿的工作。无法控制手的人,就无法成功完成需要使用手的工作。无法控制舌和口的人,就无法成功完成需要使用舌和口的工作。无法控制心的人,就无法成功完成需要使用心的工作。禅修的工作必须单独用心去完成。因此,凡夫,不管是在家人还是出家人,只要无法控制他们的心,就无法成功地练习禅修。他们的练习只不过是做样子。








思考船夫的例子。有位没有掌握开船技术的船夫,开着一艘载满货物的船在一条湍急汹涌的河流上顺流而下。在晚上,他无法看清堤岸沿途的市镇、港口、和停泊地。在白天,虽然他能看到市镇、港口、和停泊地,但是他无法停下船并停泊到任一地点,因为他无法操纵他的船,因此他一边渴望和羡慕地看着那些市镇、港口、和停泊地,一边漂流到大海。








在这个例子中,湍急汹涌的河流、以及海洋,比喻再生轮回及其四暴流(ogha)。装满货物的船,比喻有情的诸蕴。无法控制船的船夫,比喻凡夫。那沿途是森林,没有市镇、港口、和停泊地的河流段,比喻没有佛法出现的世界轮回。船夫无法看到市镇、港口、和停泊地的夜晚时段,比喻这种情况:有些人虽然是在佛法出现时再生于这个世界,但是他们依然没有知道、没有留意到佛法,因为他们刚好出生于八难地[2]。








在白天,虽然能看到市镇、港口、和停泊地,但是船无法停下来并停泊到任何一处,因为他无法操纵他的船,只能一边渴望和羡慕地望着这些地方,一边漂流到海洋中—比喻这种情况:有些众生,虽然是佛教徒,但是没有任何禅修的努力,因此就像无法控制他们的心的疯子。他们所没有能力到达的市镇、港口、和停泊地,比喻安止定、观智、道智、果智、和涅盘。他们一边礼敬和赞美着三宝(佛、法、僧),一边不由自由地漂流到没有佛法的世界轮回中。这些人有宝塔、圣地、寺院、及僧团四类必需品的凡夫施主,有(凡夫)普通比库及以广博精湛学识闻名于世的(凡夫)长老。








这个譬喻描绘了有情在无穷尽的过去轮回中漂流的情形。








IV. 身念先于止和观








因此,如果人类在今生没有修习身念,从而继续过着心不受控制的生活,那么他们将飘流和沉没于未来的轮回,就像他们在过去世经历的那样,即使他们可能是佛教徒。没有控制心,就是通向漂流于轮回的确定道路,因为除非控制心,就无法从事止(samatha,奢摩他)和观(vipassanā,维巴沙那)的训练。另一方面,获得对心的控制,就是通向涅盘的确定道路,因为它使得能够从事止和观的训练。修习身念,就是努力去获得对心的控制。








佛陀说,即使某人没有能力开展更高的止观训练,如果他能稳固地控制他的心,并成功地随意把心安置在他的身体内,他就能享受到涅盘的滋味。








Amata? tesa?


viraddha?, yesa? kāyagatā-sati viraddhā.





Amata? tesa? aviraddha?, yesa? kāyagatā-sati aviraddhā.





Amata? tesa? aparibhutta?, yesa? kāyagatā-sati aparibhuttā.





Amata? tesa? paribhutta?, yesa? kāyagatā-sati paribhuttā.









(A?guttara Nikāya, Ekaka-nipāta, Amata-vagga)

















谁已经忘失身念,谁就已经忘失涅盘。








谁没有忘失身念,谁就没有忘失涅盘。








谁没有修习身念,谁就没有修习涅盘。








谁已经修习身念,谁就已经修习涅盘。








(增支部,一集, 不死品)








基本含义是,如果某人确立于身念,他就能成功地修习止观,因为他已经稳固地控制他的心,因此能确定他在今生不会错失涅盘。然而,如果类似那疯子,他继续忽视修习身念,从而无法控制他的心,那他就无法圆满止观禅修,因此他将错失涅盘。








心的控制有很多层次。








在这个世界,精神没问题的普通人已经充分控制他们的心,完成出现于人类间的各种不同的事务,包括个人的以及社会的。这是一类控制。








在佛陀的教法中,守持根律仪戒(indriyasa?vara-sīla)是另一类控制。然而,这不能认为是可靠的控制。








作为止禅和观禅的近因,安住于身念,是一类稳固的控制。成就进入任一种禅那前的近行定(upacāra-samādhi),是更稳固的控制。再进一步的稳固控制是成就入禅那期间得到的安止定(appanā-samādhi)。八个层次的安止定中,每次达到更高的层次,控制是逐次更加稳固。就止禅而言,成就更高的神通意味着最高的控制。








这就是止的道路,称为samatha-yānika(奢摩他—引导)。








观的道路,称为vipassanā-yānika(维巴沙那—引导)








本节说明了,身念必须先于止观的修习。本节到此结束。








V. 为什么应该修习安那般那念








因此,遇到佛法的当代人,不管是在家人还是出家人,都应该拒绝和警惕不受控制的心,应该尽早采用和修习《大念处经》(MN 10)给出的其中一种身念处,从而可靠地掌控他们的心。








《身念经》(MN 119)描述了十八种身念处的训练,也就是,安那般那念、四威仪、正知、可厌作意、界作意、九种坟场观、还有四种禅那。








《安那般那念经》(MN 118)教导了如何只通过安那般那念而完成修习身念、四种安止定的止禅、观禅,以及修道和证果—最后两项称为明(vijjā)和解脱(vimutti)。








所有的佛陀都是通过安那般那念到达最高觉悟和证得佛果,所有的佛陀都继续安住于安那般那念,从不间断,直到入般涅盘。这也是一个惯例。








在所描述的四十种止禅业处中,安那般那念是最容易一直持续不断地修习的。比起其他业处,佛陀也是更高地赞美这种禅修业处。义注者也称安那般那念为“伟人的国土”(mahāpurisa-bhūmi)。但是安那般那念并不适合于普通人。它只适合于具有伟大智慧的人。








因此,为了那些希望仿效前述答咖西喇城的Pukkusāti郡主的方式(他花费生命的剩余时间独自在七层宫殿最高层从身念处着手修禅直到证到第四禅)、希望达到心成就、和希望从所遭遇佛法受益的有智者的利益,我现在打算简要解释中部的《安那般念经》(MN 118)。[3]








VI. 安那般那念导向涅盘








?nāpānasati bhikkhave bhāvitā


bahulīkatā cattāro satipa??hāne paripūrenti. Cattāro satipa??hānā bhāvitā


bahulīkatā satta bojjha?ge paripūrenti. Satta bojjha?gā bhāvitā bahulīkatā


vijjā vimutti? paripūrenti.(?nāpānasati Sutta, MN 118)









诸比丘!修习、广修入出息念者,令圆满四念处。修习、广修四念处者,令圆满七觉支。修习、广修七觉支者,令圆满明与解脱。(中部第118经,《安那般那念经》)








这里,明表示四道智,解脱表示四果智。基本含义是,如果日复一日月复一月勤奋修习安那般那念,就能自动圆满四念处、七觉支、明、和解脱。四念处、七觉支、明、和解脱包含了三十七菩提分,因此这意味着自动圆满了三十七菩提分。《安那般那念经》的序文节解释到此。








VII. 禅修的姿势








Idha pana bhikkhave bhikkhu araññagato vā rukkhamūlagato vā suññāgāragato


vā nisīdati palla?ka? ābhujitvā uju? kāya? pa?idhāya parimukha? sati? upa??hapetvā.









诸比丘!于此有比丘,或住森林,或住树下,或住空屋,结跏趺坐,正直其身,置念面前。








因为跏趺坐特别适合于禅修,所以在经文此处,佛陀说“结跏趺坐”。不过,可以采取四种威仪中任何一种,只要勤奋去修习,便已足够。








Parimukha?的字面意思是“他的面前”。这意味着他不能左顾右盼,而是专注于禅修所缘(鼻孔处的呼吸)。








禅修的姿势节到此结束。



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